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本指南解释了使用子图的机制。子图是作为另一个图中的 节点 使用的 图。

子图适用于:

  • 构建 多智能体系统
  • 在多个图中复用一组节点
  • 分布式开发:当你想让不同团队独立开发图的不同部分时,你可以将每个部分定义为一个子图,只要子图接口(输入和输出模式)得到遵守,父图就可以在不知道子图任何细节的情况下构建

设置 ​

bash
pip install -U langgraph
bash
uv add langgraph
bash
npm install @langchain/langgraph

TIP

为 LangGraph 开发设置 LangSmith 注册 LangSmith,快速发现问题并提升你的 LangGraph 项目性能。LangSmith 让你可以使用 trace 数据来调试、测试和监控你使用 LangGraph 构建的 LLM 应用——了解更多关于 如何开始使用 LangSmith。

定义子图通信 ​

在添加子图时,你需要定义父图和子图之间如何通信:

模式何时使用状态模式
在节点内调用子图父图和子图具有不同的状态模式(没有共享的键),或者你需要在它们之间转换状态你编写一个包装函数,将父图状态映射为子图输入,并将子图输出映射回父图状态
将子图作为节点添加父图和子图共享状态键——子图读取和写入与父图相同的通道你将编译后的子图直接传递给 add_node——无需包装函数

在节点内调用子图 ​

当父图和子图具有不同的状态模式(没有共享的键)时,请在节点函数内调用子图。当你希望在 多智能体 系统中为每个智能体保留私有的消息历史时,这很常见。

节点函数在调用子图之前将父图状态转换为子图状态,并在返回之前将结果转换回父图状态。

python
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START

class SubgraphState(TypedDict):
    bar: str

# 子图

def subgraph_node_1(state: SubgraphState):
    return {"bar": "hi! " + state["bar"]}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(SubgraphState)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()

# 父图

class State(TypedDict):
    foo: str

def call_subgraph(state: State):
    # 将状态转换为子图状态
    subgraph_output = subgraph.invoke({"bar": state["foo"]})  
    # 将响应转换回父图状态
    return {"foo": subgraph_output["bar"]}

builder = StateGraph(State)
builder.add_node("node_1", call_subgraph)
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")
graph = builder.compile()
typescript
import { StateGraph, StateSchema, START } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

const SubgraphState = new StateSchema({
  bar: z.string(),
});

// 子图
const subgraphBuilder = new StateGraph(SubgraphState)
  .addNode("subgraphNode1", (state) => {
    return { bar: "hi! " + state.bar };
  })
  .addEdge(START, "subgraphNode1");

const subgraph = subgraphBuilder.compile();

// 父图
const State = new StateSchema({
  foo: z.string(),
});

// 将状态转换为子图状态,然后再转换回来
const builder = new StateGraph(State)
  .addNode("node1", async (state) => {
    const subgraphOutput = await subgraph.invoke({ bar: state.foo });
    return { foo: subgraphOutput.bar };
  })
  .addEdge(START, "node1");

const graph = builder.compile();

完整示例:不同的状态模式 ​

python
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START

# 定义子图
class SubgraphState(TypedDict):
    # 请注意,这些键均不与父图状态共享
    bar: str
    baz: str

def subgraph_node_1(state: SubgraphState):
    return {"baz": "baz"}

def subgraph_node_2(state: SubgraphState):
    return {"bar": state["bar"] + state["baz"]}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(SubgraphState)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_2)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph_builder.add_edge("subgraph_node_1", "subgraph_node_2")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()

# 定义父图
class ParentState(TypedDict):
    foo: str

def node_1(state: ParentState):
    return {"foo": "hi! " + state["foo"]}

def node_2(state: ParentState):
    # 将状态转换为子图状态
    response = subgraph.invoke({"bar": state["foo"]})
    # 将响应转换回父图状态
    return {"foo": response["bar"]}

builder = StateGraph(ParentState)
builder.add_node("node_1", node_1)
builder.add_node("node_2", node_2)
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")
builder.add_edge("node_1", "node_2")
graph = builder.compile()

stream = graph.stream_events({"foo": "foo"}, version="v3")
for event in stream:
    if event["method"] == "updates":
        print(event["params"]["namespace"], event["params"]["data"])
[] {'node_1': {'foo': 'hi! foo'}}
['node_2:577b710b-64ae-31fb-9455-6a4d4cc2b0b9'] {'subgraph_node_1': {'baz': 'baz'}}
['node_2:577b710b-64ae-31fb-9455-6a4d4cc2b0b9'] {'subgraph_node_2': {'bar': 'hi! foobaz'}}
[] {'node_2': {'foo': 'hi! foobaz'}}
typescript
import { StateGraph, StateSchema, START } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

// 定义子图
const SubgraphState = new StateSchema({
  // 请注意,这些键均不与父图状态共享
  bar: z.string(),
  baz: z.string(),
});

const subgraphBuilder = new StateGraph(SubgraphState)
  .addNode("subgraphNode1", (state) => {
    return { baz: "baz" };
  })
  .addNode("subgraphNode2", (state) => {
    return { bar: state.bar + state.baz };
  })
  .addEdge(START, "subgraphNode1")
  .addEdge("subgraphNode1", "subgraphNode2");

const subgraph = subgraphBuilder.compile();

// 定义父图
const ParentState = new StateSchema({
  foo: z.string(),
});

const builder = new StateGraph(ParentState)
  .addNode("node1", (state) => {
    return { foo: "hi! " + state.foo };
  })
  .addNode("node2", async (state) => {
    const response = await subgraph.invoke({ bar: state.foo });   
    return { foo: response.bar };   
  })
  .addEdge(START, "node1")
  .addEdge("node1", "node2");

const graph = builder.compile();

const stream = await graph.streamEvents(
  { foo: "foo" },
  { subgraphs: true, version: "v3" }
);
for await (const message of stream.messages) {
  for await (const token of message.text) {
    process.stdout.write(token);
  }
}
  1. 将状态转换为子图状态
  2. 将响应转换回父图状态
[[], { node1: { foo: 'hi! foo' } }]
[['node2:9c36dd0f-151a-cb42-cbad-fa2f851f9ab7'], { subgraphNode1: { baz: 'baz' } }]
[['node2:9c36dd0f-151a-cb42-cbad-fa2f851f9ab7'], { subgraphNode2: { bar: 'hi! foobaz' } }]
[[], { node2: { foo: 'hi! foobaz' } }]

完整示例:不同的状态模式(两层子图) ​

这是一个包含两层子图的示例:父图 -> 子图 -> 孙图。

python
# 孙图
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START, END

class GrandChildState(TypedDict):
    my_grandchild_key: str

def grandchild_1(state: GrandChildState) -> GrandChildState:
    # 注意:子图或父图的键在这里不可访问
    return {"my_grandchild_key": state["my_grandchild_key"] + ", how are you"}

grandchild = StateGraph(GrandChildState)
grandchild.add_node("grandchild_1", grandchild_1)

grandchild.add_edge(START, "grandchild_1")
grandchild.add_edge("grandchild_1", END)

grandchild_graph = grandchild.compile()

# 子图
class ChildState(TypedDict):
    my_child_key: str

def call_grandchild_graph(state: ChildState) -> ChildState:
    # 注意:父图或孙图的键在这里不可访问
    grandchild_graph_input = {"my_grandchild_key": state["my_child_key"]}
    grandchild_graph_output = grandchild_graph.invoke(grandchild_graph_input)
    return {"my_child_key": grandchild_graph_output["my_grandchild_key"] + " today?"}

child = StateGraph(ChildState)
# 这里我们传递的是一个函数,而不是直接传递编译后的图(`grandchild_graph`)
child.add_node("child_1", call_grandchild_graph)
child.add_edge(START, "child_1")
child.add_edge("child_1", END)
child_graph = child.compile()

# 父图
class ParentState(TypedDict):
    my_key: str

def parent_1(state: ParentState) -> ParentState:
    # 注意:子图或孙图的键在这里不可访问
    return {"my_key": "hi " + state["my_key"]}

def parent_2(state: ParentState) -> ParentState:
    return {"my_key": state["my_key"] + " bye!"}

def call_child_graph(state: ParentState) -> ParentState:
    child_graph_input = {"my_child_key": state["my_key"]}
    child_graph_output = child_graph.invoke(child_graph_input)
    return {"my_key": child_graph_output["my_child_key"]}

parent = StateGraph(ParentState)
parent.add_node("parent_1", parent_1)
# 这里我们传递的是一个函数,而不是仅仅传递编译后的图(`child_graph`)
parent.add_node("child", call_child_graph)
parent.add_node("parent_2", parent_2)

parent.add_edge(START, "parent_1")
parent.add_edge("parent_1", "child")
parent.add_edge("child", "parent_2")
parent.add_edge("parent_2", END)

parent_graph = parent.compile()

stream = parent_graph.stream_events({"my_key": "Bob"}, version="v3")
for event in stream:
    if event["method"] == "updates":
        print(event["params"]["namespace"], event["params"]["data"])
[] {'parent_1': {'my_key': 'hi Bob'}}
['child:2e26e9ce-602f-862c-aa66-1ea5a4655e3b', 'child_1:781bb3b1-3971-84ce-810b-acf819a03f9c'] {'grandchild_1': {'my_grandchild_key': 'hi Bob, how are you'}}
['child:2e26e9ce-602f-862c-aa66-1ea5a4655e3b'] {'child_1': {'my_child_key': 'hi Bob, how are you today?'}}
[] {'child': {'my_key': 'hi Bob, how are you today?'}}
[] {'parent_2': {'my_key': 'hi Bob, how are you today? bye!'}}
typescript
import { StateGraph, StateSchema, START, END } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

// 孙图
const GrandChildState = new StateSchema({
  myGrandchildKey: z.string(),
});

const grandchild = new StateGraph(GrandChildState)
  .addNode("grandchild1", (state) => {
    // 注意:子图或父图的键在这里不可访问
    return { myGrandchildKey: state.myGrandchildKey + ", how are you" };
  })
  .addEdge(START, "grandchild1")
  .addEdge("grandchild1", END);

const grandchildGraph = grandchild.compile();

// 子图
const ChildState = new StateSchema({
  myChildKey: z.string(),
});

const child = new StateGraph(ChildState)
  .addNode("child1", async (state) => {
    // 注意:父图或孙图的键在这里不可访问
    const grandchildGraphInput = { myGrandchildKey: state.myChildKey };   
    const grandchildGraphOutput = await grandchildGraph.invoke(grandchildGraphInput);
    return { myChildKey: grandchildGraphOutput.myGrandchildKey + " today?" };   
  })   
  .addEdge(START, "child1")
  .addEdge("child1", END);

const childGraph = child.compile();

// 父图
const ParentState = new StateSchema({
  myKey: z.string(),
});

const parent = new StateGraph(ParentState)
  .addNode("parent1", (state) => {
    // 注意:子图或孙图的键在这里不可访问
    return { myKey: "hi " + state.myKey };
  })
  .addNode("child", async (state) => {
    const childGraphInput = { myChildKey: state.myKey };   
    const childGraphOutput = await childGraph.invoke(childGraphInput);
    return { myKey: childGraphOutput.myChildKey };   
  })   
  .addNode("parent2", (state) => {
    return { myKey: state.myKey + " bye!" };
  })
  .addEdge(START, "parent1")
  .addEdge("parent1", "child")
  .addEdge("child", "parent2")
  .addEdge("parent2", END);

const parentGraph = parent.compile();

const stream = await parentGraph.streamEvents(
  { myKey: "Bob" },
  { subgraphs: true, version: "v3" }
);
for await (const message of stream.messages) {
  for await (const token of message.text) {
    process.stdout.write(token);
  }
}
  1. 我们将状态从子图状态通道(myChildKey)转换为孙图状态通道(myGrandchildKey)
  2. 我们将状态从孙图状态通道(myGrandchildKey)转换回子图状态通道(myChildKey)
  3. 我们在这里传递函数,而不是仅仅传递编译后的图(grandchildGraph)
  4. 我们将状态从父图状态通道(myKey)转换为子图状态通道(myChildKey)
  5. 我们将状态从子图状态通道(myChildKey)转换回父图状态通道(myKey)
  6. 我们在这里传递函数,而不是仅仅传递编译后的图(childGraph)
[[], { parent1: { myKey: 'hi Bob' } }]
[['child:2e26e9ce-602f-862c-aa66-1ea5a4655e3b', 'child1:781bb3b1-3971-84ce-810b-acf819a03f9c'], { grandchild1: { myGrandchildKey: 'hi Bob, how are you' } }]
[['child:2e26e9ce-602f-862c-aa66-1ea5a4655e3b'], { child1: { myChildKey: 'hi Bob, how are you today?' } }]
[[], { child: { myKey: 'hi Bob, how are you today?' } }]
[[], { parent2: { myKey: 'hi Bob, how are you today? bye!' } }]

将子图作为节点添加 ​

当父图和子图共享状态键时,你可以将编译后的子图直接传递给 add_node。无需包装函数——子图会自动读取和写入父图的状态通道。例如,在 多智能体 系统中,智能体通常通过一个共享的 messages 键进行通信。

SQL agent graph

如果你的子图与父图共享状态键,你可以按照以下步骤将其添加到图中:

  1. 定义子图工作流(如下例中的 subgraph_builder)并编译它
  2. 在定义父图工作流时,将编译后的子图传递给 add_node 方法
python
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START

class State(TypedDict):
    foo: str

# 子图

def subgraph_node_1(state: State):
    return {"foo": "hi! " + state["foo"]}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(State)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()

# 父图

builder = StateGraph(State)
builder.add_node("node_1", subgraph)  
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")
graph = builder.compile()
  1. 定义子图工作流(如下例中的 subgraphBuilder)并编译它
  2. 在定义父图工作流时,将编译后的子图传递给 .addNode 方法
typescript
import { StateGraph, StateSchema, START } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

const State = new StateSchema({
  foo: z.string(),
});

// 子图
const subgraphBuilder = new StateGraph(State)
  .addNode("subgraphNode1", (state) => {
    return { foo: "hi! " + state.foo };
  })
  .addEdge(START, "subgraphNode1");

const subgraph = subgraphBuilder.compile();

// 父图
const builder = new StateGraph(State)
  .addNode("node1", subgraph)
  .addEdge(START, "node1");

const graph = builder.compile();

完整示例:共享状态模式 ​

python
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START

# 定义子图
class SubgraphState(TypedDict):
    foo: str  # 与父图状态共享
    bar: str  # SubgraphState 私有

def subgraph_node_1(state: SubgraphState):
    return {"bar": "bar"}

def subgraph_node_2(state: SubgraphState):
    # 请注意,此节点使用了仅在子图中可用的状态键('bar')
    # 并在共享状态键('foo')上发送更新
    return {"foo": state["foo"] + state["bar"]}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(SubgraphState)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_2)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph_builder.add_edge("subgraph_node_1", "subgraph_node_2")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()

# 定义父图
class ParentState(TypedDict):
    foo: str

def node_1(state: ParentState):
    return {"foo": "hi! " + state["foo"]}

builder = StateGraph(ParentState)
builder.add_node("node_1", node_1)
builder.add_node("node_2", subgraph)
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")
builder.add_edge("node_1", "node_2")
graph = builder.compile()

stream = graph.stream_events({"foo": "foo"}, version="v3")
for event in stream:
    if event["method"] == "updates" and not event["params"]["namespace"]:
        print(event["params"]["data"])
{'node_1': {'foo': 'hi! foo'}}
{'node_2': {'foo': 'hi! foobar'}}
typescript
import { StateGraph, StateSchema, START } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

// 定义子图
const SubgraphState = new StateSchema({
  foo: z.string(),    
  bar: z.string(),    
});

const subgraphBuilder = new StateGraph(SubgraphState)
  .addNode("subgraphNode1", (state) => {
    return { bar: "bar" };
  })
  .addNode("subgraphNode2", (state) => {
    // 请注意,此节点使用了仅在子图中可用的状态键('bar')
    // 并在共享状态键('foo')上发送更新
    return { foo: state.foo + state.bar };
  })
  .addEdge(START, "subgraphNode1")
  .addEdge("subgraphNode1", "subgraphNode2");

const subgraph = subgraphBuilder.compile();

// 定义父图
const ParentState = new StateSchema({
  foo: z.string(),
});

const builder = new StateGraph(ParentState)
  .addNode("node1", (state) => {
    return { foo: "hi! " + state.foo };
  })
  .addNode("node2", subgraph)
  .addEdge(START, "node1")
  .addEdge("node1", "node2");

const graph = builder.compile();

const stream = await graph.streamEvents({ foo: "foo" }, { version: "v3" });
for await (const message of stream.messages) {
  for await (const token of message.text) {
    process.stdout.write(token);
  }
}
  1. 此键与父图状态共享
  2. 此键是 SubgraphState 私有的,父图不可见
{ node1: { foo: 'hi! foo' } }
{ node2: { foo: 'hi! foobar' } }

子图持久化 ​

当你使用子图时,你需要决定在两次调用之间它的内部数据会发生什么。考虑一个委派给专家子智能体的客户支持机器人:它是否应该让“计费专家”子智能体记住客户之前的问题,还是每次被调用时都重新开始?

.compile() 上的 checkpointer 参数控制子图持久化:

模式checkpointer=行为
每次调用None(默认)每次调用都重新开始,并继承父图的检查点器,以支持单次调用内的 中断 和 持久化执行。
每线程True状态在同一线程上的多次调用之间累积。每次调用都从上次结束的地方继续。
无状态False完全不进行检查点持久化——像普通函数调用一样运行。不支持中断或持久化执行。

对于大多数应用来说,每次调用是正确的选择,包括子智能体处理独立请求的 多智能体 系统。当子智能体需要多轮对话记忆(例如,在多次交流中逐步构建上下文的调研助手)时,使用每线程模式。

INFO

父图必须使用检查点器编译,子图持久化功能(中断、状态检查、每线程记忆)才能工作。参见 持久化。

INFO

下面的示例使用 LangChain 的 create_agent,这是构建智能体的常用方式。create_agent 在底层生成一个 LangGraph 图,因此所有子图持久化概念都直接适用。如果你使用原生的 LangGraph StateGraph 构建,相同的模式和配置选项同样适用——详细信息参见 Graph API。

有状态 ​

有状态子图继承父图的检查点器,这支持 中断、持久化 和状态检查。两种有状态模式的区别在于状态保留多长时间。

每次调用(默认) ​

TIP

这是大多数应用的推荐模式,包括子智能体作为工具被调用的 多智能体 系统。它支持 中断、持久化 和并行调用,同时保持每次调用相互隔离。

当对子图的每次调用都是独立的,并且子智能体不需要记住之前调用的任何内容时,使用每次调用持久化。这是最常见的模式,尤其是对于子智能体处理一次性请求(如“查一下这位客户的订单”或“总结一下这份文档”)的 多智能体 系统。

省略 checkpointer 或将其设置为 None。每次调用都重新开始,但在单次调用内,子图继承父图的检查点器,并且可以使用 interrupt() 暂停和恢复。

下面的示例使用了两个子智能体(水果专家、蔬菜专家),它们被包装成外部智能体的工具:

python
from langchain.agents import create_agent
from langchain.tools import tool
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.types import Command, interrupt

@tool
def fruit_info(fruit_name: str) -> str:
    """Look up fruit info."""
    return f"Info about {fruit_name}"

@tool
def veggie_info(veggie_name: str) -> str:
    """Look up veggie info."""
    return f"Info about {veggie_name}"

# 子智能体——不设置 checkpointer(继承父图的)
fruit_agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-5.4-mini",
    tools=[fruit_info],
    prompt="You are a fruit expert. Use the fruit_info tool. Respond in one sentence.",
)

veggie_agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-5.4-mini",
    tools=[veggie_info],
    prompt="You are a veggie expert. Use the veggie_info tool. Respond in one sentence.",
)

# 将子智能体包装为外层智能体的工具
@tool
def ask_fruit_expert(question: str) -> str:
    """Ask the fruit expert. Use for ALL fruit questions."""
    response = fruit_agent.invoke(
        {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": question}]},
    )
    return response["messages"][-1].content

@tool
def ask_veggie_expert(question: str) -> str:
    """Ask the veggie expert. Use for ALL veggie questions."""
    response = veggie_agent.invoke(
        {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": question}]},
    )
    return response["messages"][-1].content

# 带 checkpointer 的外层智能体
agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-5.4-mini",
    tools=[ask_fruit_expert, ask_veggie_expert],
    prompt=(
        "You have two experts: ask_fruit_expert and ask_veggie_expert. "
        "ALWAYS delegate questions to the appropriate expert."
    ),
    checkpointer=MemorySaver(),
)

中断 ​

每次调用都可以使用 interrupt() 暂停和恢复。在工具函数中添加 interrupt(),以要求用户批准后才能继续:

python
@tool
def fruit_info(fruit_name: str) -> str:
    """Look up fruit info."""
    interrupt("continue?")  
    return f"Info about {fruit_name}"
python
from langgraph.types import Command

config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

# Stream events - the subagent's tool calls interrupt()
stream = agent.stream_events(
  {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Tell me about apples"}]},
  config=config,
  version="v3",
)
output = stream.output  # drive the stream to completion
# stream.interrupts contains pending interrupts (and stream.interrupted is True)

# Resume - approve the interrupt
resumed = agent.stream_events(Command(resume=True), config=config, version="v3")
final = resumed.output

多轮 ​

每次调用都以全新的子智能体状态开始。子智能体不会记住之前的调用:

python
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

# 第一次调用
response = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Tell me about apples"}]},
    config=config,
)
# 子智能体消息数:4

# 第二次调用——子智能体重新开始,不记得苹果
response = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Now tell me about bananas"}]},
    config=config,
)
# 子智能体消息数:4(依然是全新的!)

多次子图调用 ​

对同一个子图的多次调用不会冲突,因为每次调用都有自己的检查点命名空间:

python
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

# LLM 同时调用 ask_fruit_expert 询问苹果和香蕉
response = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Tell me about apples and bananas"}]},
    config=config,
)
# 子智能体消息数:4(苹果——全新)
# 子智能体消息数:4(香蕉——全新)
typescript
import { createAgent, tool } from "langchain";
import { MemorySaver, Command, interrupt } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

const fruitInfo = tool(
  (input) => `Info about ${input.fruitName}`,
  {
    name: "fruit_info",
    description: "Look up fruit info.",
    schema: z.object({ fruitName: z.string() }),
  }
);

const veggieInfo = tool(
  (input) => `Info about ${input.veggieName}`,
  {
    name: "veggie_info",
    description: "Look up veggie info.",
    schema: z.object({ veggieName: z.string() }),
  }
);

// 子智能体——不设置 checkpointer(继承父图的)
const fruitAgent = createAgent({
  model: "gpt-5.4-mini",
  tools: [fruitInfo],
  prompt: "You are a fruit expert. Use the fruit_info tool. Respond in one sentence.",
});

const veggieAgent = createAgent({
  model: "gpt-5.4-mini",
  tools: [veggieInfo],
  prompt: "You are a veggie expert. Use the veggie_info tool. Respond in one sentence.",
});

// 将子智能体包装为外层智能体的工具
const askFruitExpert = tool(
  async (input) => {
    const response = await fruitAgent.invoke({
      messages: [{ role: "user", content: input.question }],
    });
    return response.messages[response.messages.length - 1].content;
  },
  {
    name: "ask_fruit_expert",
    description: "Ask the fruit expert. Use for ALL fruit questions.",
    schema: z.object({ question: z.string() }),
  }
);

const askVeggieExpert = tool(
  async (input) => {
    const response = await veggieAgent.invoke({
      messages: [{ role: "user", content: input.question }],
    });
    return response.messages[response.messages.length - 1].content;
  },
  {
    name: "ask_veggie_expert",
    description: "Ask the veggie expert. Use for ALL veggie questions.",
    schema: z.object({ question: z.string() }),
  }
);

// 带 checkpointer 的外层智能体
const agent = createAgent({
  model: "gpt-5.4-mini",
  tools: [askFruitExpert, askVeggieExpert],
  prompt:
    "You have two experts: ask_fruit_expert and ask_veggie_expert. " +
    "ALWAYS delegate questions to the appropriate expert.",
  checkpointer: new MemorySaver(),
});

中断 ​

每次调用都可以使用 interrupt() 暂停和恢复。在工具函数中添加 interrupt(),以要求用户批准后才能继续:

typescript
const fruitInfo = tool(
  (input) => {
    interrupt("continue?");  
    return `Info about ${input.fruitName}`;
  },
  {
    name: "fruit_info",
    description: "Look up fruit info.",
    schema: z.object({ fruitName: z.string() }),
  }
);
typescript
const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "1" } };

// 调用——子智能体的工具会触发 interrupt()
let response = await agent.invoke(
  { messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Tell me about apples" }] },
  config,
);
// response 包含 __interrupt__

// 恢复——批准中断
response = await agent.invoke(new Command({ resume: true }), config);  
// 子智能体消息数:4

多轮 ​

每次调用都以全新的子智能体状态开始。子智能体不会记住之前的调用:

typescript
const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "1" } };

// 第一次调用
let response = await agent.invoke(
  { messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Tell me about apples" }] },
  config,
);
// 子智能体消息数:4

// 第二次调用——子智能体重新开始,不记得苹果
response = await agent.invoke(
  { messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Now tell me about bananas" }] },
  config,
);
// 子智能体消息数:4(依然是全新的!)

多次子图调用 ​

对同一个子图的多次调用不会冲突,因为每次调用都有自己的检查点命名空间:

typescript
const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "1" } };

// LLM 同时调用 ask_fruit_expert 询问苹果和香蕉
const response = await agent.invoke(
  { messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Tell me about apples and bananas" }] },
  config,
);
// 子智能体消息数:4(苹果——全新)
// 子智能体消息数:4(香蕉——全新)

每线程 ​

当子智能体需要记住之前的交互时,使用每线程持久化。例如,在多次交流中逐步构建上下文的调研助手,或者跟踪自己已经编辑过哪些文件的编码助手。子智能体的对话历史和状态会在同一线程上的多次调用之间累积。每次调用都从上次结束的地方继续。

使用 checkpointer=True 编译以启用此行为。

WARNING

每线程子图不支持并行工具调用。当 LLM 可以将每线程子智能体作为工具访问时,它可能会尝试并行多次调用该工具(例如,同时向水果专家询问苹果和香蕉)。这会导致检查点冲突,因为两次调用写入的是同一个命名空间。

下面的示例使用 LangChain 的 ToolCallLimitMiddleware 来防止这种情况。如果你使用纯 LangGraph StateGraph 构建,则需要自己防止并行工具调用——例如,通过配置你的模型禁用并行工具调用,或者添加逻辑确保同一个子图不会被并行多次调用。

下面的示例使用了使用 checkpointer=True 编译的水果专家子智能体:

python
from langchain.agents import create_agent
from langchain.agents.middleware import ToolCallLimitMiddleware
from langchain.tools import tool
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.types import Command, interrupt

@tool
def fruit_info(fruit_name: str) -> str:
    """Look up fruit info."""
    return f"Info about {fruit_name}"

# 使用 checkpointer=True 的子智能体,用于持久化状态
fruit_agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-5.4-mini",
    tools=[fruit_info],
    prompt="You are a fruit expert. Use the fruit_info tool. Respond in one sentence.",
    checkpointer=True,  
)

# 将子智能体包装为外层智能体的工具
@tool
def ask_fruit_expert(question: str) -> str:
    """Ask the fruit expert. Use for ALL fruit questions."""
    response = fruit_agent.invoke(
        {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": question}]},
    )
    return response["messages"][-1].content

# 带 checkpointer 的外层智能体
# 使用 ToolCallLimitMiddleware 防止并行调用每线程子智能体,
# 这会导致检查点冲突。
agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-5.4-mini",
    tools=[ask_fruit_expert],
    prompt="You have a fruit expert. ALWAYS delegate fruit questions to ask_fruit_expert.",
    middleware=[  
        ToolCallLimitMiddleware(tool_name="ask_fruit_expert", run_limit=1),  
    ],  
    checkpointer=MemorySaver(),
)

中断 ​

每线程子智能体与每次调用一样支持 interrupt()。在工具函数中添加 interrupt(),以要求用户批准:

python
@tool
def fruit_info(fruit_name: str) -> str:
    """Look up fruit info."""
    interrupt("continue?")  
    return f"Info about {fruit_name}"
python
from langgraph.types import Command

config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

# Stream events - the subagent's tool calls interrupt()
stream = agent.stream_events(
  {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Tell me about apples"}]},
  config=config,
  version="v3",
)
output = stream.output  # drive the stream to completion
# stream.interrupts contains pending interrupts (and stream.interrupted is True)

# Resume - approve the interrupt
resumed = agent.stream_events(Command(resume=True), config=config, version="v3")
final = resumed.output

多轮 ​

状态在多次调用之间累积——子智能体会记住过去的对话:

python
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

# 第一次调用
response = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Tell me about apples"}]},
    config=config,
)
# 子智能体消息数:4

# 第二次调用——子智能体会记住苹果的对话
response = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Now tell me about bananas"}]},
    config=config,
)
# 子智能体消息数:8(累积!)

多次子图调用 ​

当你有多个不同的每线程子图时(例如,一个水果专家和一个蔬菜专家),每个子图都需要自己的存储空间,这样它们的检查点才不会互相覆盖。这被称为命名空间隔离。

如果你 在节点内调用子图,LangGraph 会根据调用顺序分配命名空间(第一次调用、第二次调用等)。这意味着重新排列你的调用顺序可能会混淆哪个子图加载哪个状态。为避免这种情况,请将每个子智能体包装在具有唯一节点名称的自己的 StateGraph 中——这会给每个子图一个稳定、唯一的命名空间:

python
from langgraph.graph import MessagesState, StateGraph

def create_sub_agent(model, *, name, **kwargs):
    """Wrap an agent with a unique node name for namespace isolation."""
    agent = create_agent(model=model, name=name, **kwargs)
    return (
        StateGraph(MessagesState)
        .add_node(name, agent)  # 唯一名称 → 稳定命名空间  #
        .add_edge("__start__", name)
        .compile()
    )

fruit_agent = create_sub_agent(
    "gpt-5.4-mini", name="fruit_agent",
    tools=[fruit_info], prompt="...", checkpointer=True,
)
veggie_agent = create_sub_agent(
    "gpt-5.4-mini", name="veggie_agent",
    tools=[veggie_info], prompt="...", checkpointer=True,
)

config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

# 第一次调用——LLM 同时调用水果和蔬菜专家
response = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Tell me about cherries and broccoli"}]},
    config=config,
)
# 水果子智能体消息数:4
# 蔬菜子智能体消息数:4

# 第二次调用——两个智能体独立累积
response = agent.invoke(
    {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Now tell me about oranges and carrots"}]},
    config=config,
)
# 水果子智能体消息数:8(记得樱桃!)
# 蔬菜子智能体消息数:8(记得西兰花!)

作为节点添加 的子图已经自动获得基于名称的命名空间,因此它们不需要这个包装器。

typescript
import { createAgent, tool, toolCallLimitMiddleware } from "langchain";
import { MemorySaver, Command, interrupt } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

const fruitInfo = tool(
  (input) => `Info about ${input.fruitName}`,
  {
    name: "fruit_info",
    description: "Look up fruit info.",
    schema: z.object({ fruitName: z.string() }),
  }
);

// 使用 checkpointer=true 的子智能体,用于持久化状态
const fruitAgent = createAgent({
  model: "gpt-5.4-mini",
  tools: [fruitInfo],
  prompt: "You are a fruit expert. Use the fruit_info tool. Respond in one sentence.",
  checkpointer: true,  
});

// 将子智能体包装为外层智能体的工具
const askFruitExpert = tool(
  async (input) => {
    const response = await fruitAgent.invoke({
      messages: [{ role: "user", content: input.question }],
    });
    return response.messages[response.messages.length - 1].content;
  },
  {
    name: "ask_fruit_expert",
    description: "Ask the fruit expert. Use for ALL fruit questions.",
    schema: z.object({ question: z.string() }),
  }
);

// 带 checkpointer 的外层智能体
// 使用 toolCallLimitMiddleware 防止并行调用每线程子智能体,
// 这会导致检查点冲突。
const agent = createAgent({
  model: "gpt-5.4-mini",
  tools: [askFruitExpert],
  prompt: "You have a fruit expert. ALWAYS delegate fruit questions to ask_fruit_expert.",
  middleware: [  
    toolCallLimitMiddleware({ toolName: "ask_fruit_expert", runLimit: 1 }),  
  ],  
  checkpointer: new MemorySaver(),
});

中断 ​

每线程子智能体与每次调用一样支持 interrupt()。在工具函数中添加 interrupt(),以要求用户批准:

typescript
const fruitInfo = tool(
  (input) => {
    interrupt("continue?");  
    return `Info about ${input.fruitName}`;
  },
  {
    name: "fruit_info",
    description: "Look up fruit info.",
    schema: z.object({ fruitName: z.string() }),
  }
);
typescript
const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "1" } };

// 调用——子智能体的工具会触发 interrupt()
let response = await agent.invoke(
  { messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Tell me about apples" }] },
  config,
);
// response 包含 __interrupt__

// 恢复——批准中断
response = await agent.invoke(new Command({ resume: true }), config);  
// 子智能体消息数:4

多轮 ​

状态在多次调用之间累积——子智能体会记住过去的对话:

typescript
const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "1" } };

// 第一次调用
let response = await agent.invoke(
  { messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Tell me about apples" }] },
  config,
);
// 子智能体消息数:4

// 第二次调用——子智能体会记住苹果的对话
response = await agent.invoke(
  { messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Now tell me about bananas" }] },
  config,
);
// 子智能体消息数:8(累积!)

多次子图调用 ​

当你有多个不同的每线程子图时(例如,一个水果专家和一个蔬菜专家),每个子图都需要自己的存储空间,这样它们的检查点才不会互相覆盖。这被称为命名空间隔离。

如果你 在节点内调用子图,LangGraph 会根据调用顺序分配命名空间(第一次调用、第二次调用等)。这意味着重新排列你的调用顺序可能会混淆哪个子图加载哪个状态。为避免这种情况,请将每个子智能体包装在具有唯一节点名称的自己的 StateGraph 中——这会给每个子图一个稳定、唯一的命名空间:

typescript
import { StateGraph, StateSchema, MessagesValue, START } from "@langchain/langgraph";

function createSubAgent(model: string, { name, ...kwargs }: { name: string; [key: string]: any }) {
  const agent = createAgent({ model, name, ...kwargs });
  return new StateGraph(new StateSchema({ messages: MessagesValue }))
    .addNode(name, agent)  // 唯一名称 → 稳定命名空间
    .addEdge(START, name)
    .compile();
}

const fruitAgent = createSubAgent("gpt-5.4-mini", {
  name: "fruit_agent", tools: [fruitInfo], prompt: "...", checkpointer: true,
});
const veggieAgent = createSubAgent("gpt-5.4-mini", {
  name: "veggie_agent", tools: [veggieInfo], prompt: "...", checkpointer: true,
});
const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "1" } };

// 第一次调用——LLM 同时调用水果和蔬菜专家
let response = await agent.invoke(
  { messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Tell me about cherries and broccoli" }] },
  config,
);
// 水果子智能体消息数:4
// 蔬菜子智能体消息数:4

// 第二次调用——两个智能体独立累积
response = await agent.invoke(
  { messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Now tell me about oranges and carrots" }] },
  config,
);
// 水果子智能体消息数:8(记得樱桃!)
// 蔬菜子智能体消息数:8(记得西兰花!)

作为节点添加 的子图已经自动获得基于名称的命名空间,因此它们不需要这个包装器。

无状态 ​

当你想要像普通函数调用一样运行子智能体,而不需要任何检查点持久化开销时,使用此模式。子图无法暂停/恢复,也不能受益于 持久化执行。使用 checkpointer=False 编译。

WARNING

没有检查点持久化,子图就没有持久化执行能力。如果进程在运行中途崩溃,子图无法恢复,必须从头重新运行。

python
subgraph_builder = StateGraph(...)
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile(checkpointer=False)  
typescript
const subgraphBuilder = new StateGraph(...);
const subgraph = subgraphBuilder.compile({ checkpointer: false });  

检查点器参考 ​

使用 .compile() 上的 checkpointer 参数控制子图持久化:

python
subgraph = builder.compile(checkpointer=False)  # or True / None
typescript
const subgraph = builder.compile({ checkpointer: false });  // or true, or null
功能每次调用(默认)每线程无状态
checkpointer=NoneTrueFalse
中断(HITL)✅✅❌
多轮记忆❌✅❌
多次调用(不同子图)✅⚠️✅
多次调用(相同子图)✅❌✅
状态检查⚠️✅❌
  • 中断(HITL):子图可以使用 interrupt() 暂停执行并等待用户输入,然后从中断处继续。
  • 多轮记忆:子图在同一 线程 内的多次调用之间保留其状态。每次调用都从上次结束的地方继续,而不是重新开始。
  • 多次调用(不同子图):可以在单个节点内调用多个不同的子图实例,而不会产生检查点命名空间冲突。
  • 多次调用(相同子图):可以在单个节点内多次调用同一个子图实例。使用有状态持久化时,这些调用会写入同一个检查点命名空间并发生冲突——请改用每次调用持久化。
  • 状态检查:可以通过 get_state(config, subgraphs=True) 获取子图的状态,用于调试和监控。

查看子图状态 ​

当你启用 持久化 时,你可以使用 subgraphs 选项检查子图状态。使用 无状态 检查点持久化(checkpointer=False)时,不会保存子图检查点,因此子图状态不可用。

INFO

查看子图状态要求 LangGraph 能够静态发现子图——即它是 作为节点添加 的,或 在节点内调用 的。当子图在 工具 函数或其他间接方式(例如 子智能体 模式)中被调用时,此功能不生效。无论嵌套层级如何,中断仍然会传播到顶层图。

每次调用 ​

仅返回当前调用的子图状态。每次调用都重新开始。

python
from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
from langgraph.types import interrupt, Command
from typing_extensions import TypedDict

class State(TypedDict):
    foo: str

# 子图
def subgraph_node_1(state: State):
    value = interrupt("Provide value:")
    return {"foo": state["foo"] + value}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(State)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()  # 继承父图的检查点器

# 父图
builder = StateGraph(State)
builder.add_node("node_1", subgraph)
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")

checkpointer = MemorySaver()
graph = builder.compile(checkpointer=checkpointer)

config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

graph.invoke({"foo": ""}, config)

# 查看当前调用的子图状态
subgraph_state = graph.get_state(config, subgraphs=True).tasks[0].state  

# 恢复子图
graph.invoke(Command(resume="bar"), config)

每线程 ​

返回该线程上所有调用的累积子图状态。

python
from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph, MessagesState
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver

# 具有自身持久化状态的子图
subgraph_builder = StateGraph(MessagesState)
# ... 添加节点和边
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile(checkpointer=True)  

# 父图
builder = StateGraph(MessagesState)
builder.add_node("agent", subgraph)
builder.add_edge(START, "agent")

checkpointer = MemorySaver()
graph = builder.compile(checkpointer=checkpointer)

config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "1"}}

graph.invoke({"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "hi"}]}, config)
graph.invoke({"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "what did I say?"}]}, config)

# 查看累积的子图状态(包含两次调用的消息)
subgraph_state = graph.get_state(config, subgraphs=True).tasks[0].state  

每次调用 ​

仅返回当前调用的子图状态。每次调用都重新开始。

typescript
import { StateGraph, StateSchema, START, MemorySaver, interrupt, Command } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

const State = new StateSchema({
  foo: z.string(),
});

// 子图
const subgraphBuilder = new StateGraph(State)
  .addNode("subgraphNode1", (state) => {
    const value = interrupt("Provide value:");
    return { foo: state.foo + value };
  })
  .addEdge(START, "subgraphNode1");

const subgraph = subgraphBuilder.compile();  // 继承父图的检查点器

// 父图
const builder = new StateGraph(State)
  .addNode("node1", subgraph)
  .addEdge(START, "node1");

const checkpointer = new MemorySaver();
const graph = builder.compile({ checkpointer });

const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "1" } };

await graph.invoke({ foo: "" }, config);

// 查看当前调用的子图状态
const subgraphState = (await graph.getState(config, { subgraphs: true })).tasks[0].state;  

// 恢复子图
await graph.invoke(new Command({ resume: "bar" }), config);

每线程 ​

返回该线程上所有调用的累积子图状态。

typescript
import { StateGraph, StateSchema, MessagesValue, START, MemorySaver } from "@langchain/langgraph";

// 具有自身持久化状态的子图
const SubgraphState = new StateSchema({
  messages: MessagesValue,
});

const subgraphBuilder = new StateGraph(SubgraphState);
// ... 添加节点和边
const subgraph = subgraphBuilder.compile({ checkpointer: true });  

// 父图
const builder = new StateGraph(SubgraphState)
  .addNode("agent", subgraph)
  .addEdge(START, "agent");

const checkpointer = new MemorySaver();
const graph = builder.compile({ checkpointer });

const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "1" } };

await graph.invoke({ messages: [{ role: "user", content: "hi" }] }, config);
await graph.invoke({ messages: [{ role: "user", content: "what did I say?" }] }, config);

// 查看累积的子图状态(包含两次调用的消息)
const subgraphState = (await graph.getState(config, { subgraphs: true })).tasks[0].state;  

流式子图输出 ​

要观察嵌套的图执行,我们推荐 事件流:stream.subgraphs 投影可以发现每个嵌套的运行,并暴露其 path、messages 和 values,而无需解析命名空间字符串。

python
stream = graph.stream_events({"foo": "foo"}, version="v3")  

for subgraph in stream.subgraphs:
    print(subgraph.graph_name, subgraph.path)

    for snapshot in subgraph.values:
        print(subgraph.path, snapshot)

如果你需要原始协议事件,请直接迭代流,并根据 event["method"] 和 event["params"]["namespace"] 进行过滤:

python
stream = graph.stream_events({"foo": "foo"}, version="v3")
for event in stream:
    if event["method"] == "updates":
        print(event["params"]["namespace"], event["params"]["data"])
typescript
const stream = await graph.streamEvents(
  { foo: "foo" },
  {
    subgraphs: true,   
    version: "v3",
  }
);
for await (const snapshot of stream.values) {
  console.log(snapshot);
}
  1. 设置 subgraphs: true 以流式子图的输出。

从子图流式传输 ​

python
from typing_extensions import TypedDict
from langgraph.graph.state import StateGraph, START

# 定义子图
class SubgraphState(TypedDict):
    foo: str
    bar: str

def subgraph_node_1(state: SubgraphState):
    return {"bar": "bar"}

def subgraph_node_2(state: SubgraphState):
    # 请注意,此节点使用了仅在子图中可用的状态键('bar')
    # 并在共享状态键('foo')上发送更新
    return {"foo": state["foo"] + state["bar"]}

subgraph_builder = StateGraph(SubgraphState)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_1)
subgraph_builder.add_node(subgraph_node_2)
subgraph_builder.add_edge(START, "subgraph_node_1")
subgraph_builder.add_edge("subgraph_node_1", "subgraph_node_2")
subgraph = subgraph_builder.compile()

# 定义父图
class ParentState(TypedDict):
    foo: str

def node_1(state: ParentState):
    return {"foo": "hi! " + state["foo"]}

builder = StateGraph(ParentState)
builder.add_node("node_1", node_1)
builder.add_node("node_2", subgraph)
builder.add_edge(START, "node_1")
builder.add_edge("node_1", "node_2")
graph = builder.compile()

stream = graph.stream_events({"foo": "foo"}, version="v3")  
for event in stream:
    if event["method"] == "updates":
        print(event["params"]["namespace"], event["params"]["data"])
[] {'node_1': {'foo': 'hi! foo'}}
['node_2:e58e5673-a661-ebb0-70d4-e298a7fc28b7'] {'subgraph_node_1': {'bar': 'bar'}}
['node_2:e58e5673-a661-ebb0-70d4-e298a7fc28b7'] {'subgraph_node_2': {'foo': 'hi! foobar'}}
[] {'node_2': {'foo': 'hi! foobar'}}
typescript
import { StateGraph, StateSchema, START } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

// 定义子图
const SubgraphState = new StateSchema({
  foo: z.string(),
  bar: z.string(),
});

const subgraphBuilder = new StateGraph(SubgraphState)
  .addNode("subgraphNode1", (state) => {
    return { bar: "bar" };
  })
  .addNode("subgraphNode2", (state) => {
    // 请注意,此节点使用了仅在子图中可用的状态键('bar')
    // 并在共享状态键('foo')上发送更新
    return { foo: state.foo + state.bar };
  })
  .addEdge(START, "subgraphNode1")
  .addEdge("subgraphNode1", "subgraphNode2");

const subgraph = subgraphBuilder.compile();

// 定义父图
const ParentState = new StateSchema({
  foo: z.string(),
});

const builder = new StateGraph(ParentState)
  .addNode("node1", (state) => {
    return { foo: "hi! " + state.foo };
  })
  .addNode("node2", subgraph)
  .addEdge(START, "node1")
  .addEdge("node1", "node2");

const graph = builder.compile();

const stream = await graph.streamEvents(
  { foo: "foo" },
  {
    subgraphs: true,   
    version: "v3",
  }
);
for await (const snapshot of stream.values) {
  console.log(snapshot);
}
  1. 设置 subgraphs: true 以流式子图的输出。
[[], { node1: { foo: 'hi! foo' } }]
[['node2:e58e5673-a661-ebb0-70d4-e298a7fc28b7'], { subgraphNode1: { bar: 'bar' } }]
[['node2:e58e5673-a661-ebb0-70d4-e298a7fc28b7'], { subgraphNode2: { foo: 'hi! foobar' } }]
[[], { node2: { foo: 'hi! foobar' } }]